Nozzle Flow with Vibrational Relaxation

Reacting Nozzle Flow

The two limits, “frozen” and “equilibrium” flow share an important property: both are isentropic flows (if we ignore friction or heat losses). This is because, in the frozen case no chemical change during expansion), there are no rate processes at all occurring, the molecules preserving their identity all the way, while in the equilibrium case, in which reactions do occur, their rate is so high...

Unsteady Transonic Nozzle Flow with Heat Addition

Vibrational relaxation of trapped molecules

Vibrational relaxation of trapped molecules due to collisions with cold atoms is investigated using the results of quantum-mechanical scattering calculations. Trap loss is analyzed using an exactly solvable kinetic model that includes direct collisional quenching and an indirect process of vibrational predissociation. At low atom density, the relaxation is due primarily to collisional quenchin...

Electron and Vibrational Kinetics in Supersonic Nozzle Expansion

Vibrational and electron kinetics, as well as electronic excited states and ionization kinetics, have been coupled self consistently solving master and Boltzmann equation at the same time. These kinetics have been inserted in a quasi one-dimensional code for the high enthalpy nozzle expansion. INTRODUCTION The supersonic expansion through a nozzle flow is characterised by strong non-equilibrium...

Vibrational energy relaxation in proteins.

An overview of theories related to vibrational energy relaxation (VER) in proteins is presented. VER of a selected mode in cytochrome c is studied by using two theoretical approaches. One approach is the equilibrium simulation approach with quantum correction factors, and the other is the reduced model approach, which describes the protein as an ensemble of normal modes interacting through nonl...